Directly or indirectly
- Directly
- Measuring the concentration of pollutants
- Acidity on rain
- Amount of gas(ses)
- pH of soil
- Presence/concentration of nitrates/phosphates/sulfates/etc.
- Amount od organic matter in soil/water
- Amount of bacteria
- Concentration of (heavy) metals
- BOD: used to determine the pollution in water (>BOD, more pollution)
- Direct sampling
- In situ
- Reliable but instruments may be hard and costly to transport
- Ex situ
- Wider variety of methods and instruments
- May be repeate
- Indirect
- Indicator Species
- Biodiversity
- BOD
- Spectroscopy
- Chromatography
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